NgoMashi 15, indlela yokulawula umngcele wekhabhoni (i-CBAM, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-EU carbon tariff) yavunywa kuqala yi-EU Council. Kuhlelwe ukuthi iqaliswe ngokusemthethweni kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2023, ibeke isikhathi sokuguquka seminyaka emithathu. Ngosuku olufanayo, emhlanganweni wekomidi lezomnotho nezezimali (i-Ecofin) yoMkhandlu waseYurophu, ongqongqoshe bezezimali bamazwe angu-27 e-EU bamukele isiphakamiso se-carbon tariff saseFrance, umongameli ojikelezayo woMkhandlu waseYurophu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi Amazwe Angamalungu e-EU asekela ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo ye-carbon tariff. Njengesiphakamiso sokuqala emhlabeni sokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngendlela ye-carbon tariffs, indlela yokulawula umngcele wekhabhoni izoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngoJulayi kulo nyaka, i-EU carbon tariff izongena esigabeni sokuxoxisana kwezingxenye ezintathu phakathi kweKhomishini yaseYurophu, uMkhandlu waseYurophu kanye nePhalamende laseYurophu. Uma kuhamba kahle, kuzokwamukelwa umbhalo wokugcina wezomthetho.
Umqondo "we-carbon tariff" awukaze usetshenziswe ngezinga elikhulu selokhu wabekwa phambili ngawo-1990. Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi i-EU carbon tariff ingaba i-import tariff ekhethekile esetshenziselwa ukuthenga ilayisensi yokungenisa ye-EU noma intela yokusetshenziswa yasekhaya ekhokhiswa kokuqukethwe kwe-carbon kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe, okungenye yezihluthulelo zempumelelo yesivumelwano esisha se-EU esiluhlaza. Ngokwezidingo ze-EU carbon tariff, izokhokhisa intela kumanyolo wensimbi, usimende, i-aluminium kanye namakhemikhali angeniswe emazweni nasezifundeni ezinemikhawulo yokukhishwa kwe-carbon ekhululekile. Isikhathi sokuguquka sale ndlela sisukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2025. Ngesikhathi sokuguquka, asikho isidingo sokukhokha imali ehambisanayo, kodwa abangenisi kudingeka bathumele izitifiketi zevolumu yokungenisa umkhiqizo, ukukhishwa kwe-carbon kanye nokukhishwa okungaqondile, kanye nemali ehlobene nokukhishwa kwe-carbon ekhokhwa yimikhiqizo ezweni elivela kulo. Ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuguquka, abangenisi bazokhokha imali efanele yokukhishwa kwe-carbon kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe. Njengamanje, i-EU idinge amabhizinisi ukuthi ahlole, abale futhi abike izindleko ze-carbon footprint zemikhiqizo ngokwawo. Ukuqaliswa kwe-EU carbon tariff kuzoba namuphi umthelela? Yiziphi izinkinga ezibhekene nokuqaliswa kwentela yekhabhoni ye-EU? Leli phepha lizokuhlaziya kafushane lokhu.
Sizosheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yekhabhoni
Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ngaphansi kwamamodeli ahlukene kanye namazinga entela ahlukene, ukuqoqwa kwentela yekhabhoni ye-EU kuzonciphisa ukuhwebelana kweShayina neYurophu ngo-10% ~ 20%. Ngokusho kokubikezela kweKhomishini yaseYurophu, intela yekhabhoni izoletha ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine kuma-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 "emali engenayo eyengeziwe" e-EU minyaka yonke, futhi izobonisa ukuthambekela okwandayo unyaka nonyaka esikhathini esithile. I-EU izogxila entengweni ye-aluminium, umanyolo wamakhemikhali, insimbi kanye nogesi. Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi i-EU "izochitha" intela yekhabhoni kwamanye amazwe ngemibandela yezikhungo, ukuze ibe nomthelela omkhulu emisebenzini yezohwebo yaseShayina.
Ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwensimbi eShayina emazweni angu-27 e-EU kanye nase-UK kwafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.184, okuwukwenyuka konyaka nonyaka okungu-52.4%. Ngokwentengo yama-euro angu-50 / ithani emakethe yekhabhoni ngo-2021, i-EU izobeka intela yekhabhoni engama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-159.2 emikhiqizweni yensimbi yaseShayina. Lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu inzuzo yentengo yemikhiqizo yensimbi yaseShayina ethunyelwa e-EU. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izophinde ikhuthaze imboni yensimbi yaseShayina ukuze isheshise ijubane lokususa ikhabhoni futhi isheshise intuthuko yemakethe yekhabhoni. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezidingo eziqondile zesimo samazwe ngamazwe kanye nesidingo sangempela samabhizinisi aseShayina sokuphendula ngenkuthalo endleleni yokulawula imingcele yekhabhoni ye-EU, ingcindezi yokwakha yemakethe yekhabhoni yaseShayina iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Kuyinkinga okumele icatshangelwe ngokungathi sína ukuze kukhuthazwe imboni yensimbi nensimbi kanye nezinye izimboni ukuze zifakwe ohlelweni lokuhweba ngokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ngokusheshisa ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukisa imakethe yekhabhoni, ukunciphisa inani lentela okudingeka amabhizinisi aseShayina alikhokhele ukuthumela imikhiqizo emakethe ye-EU kungagwema nokukhokhiswa intela kabili.
Khuthaza ukukhula kwesidingo samandla aluhlaza
Ngokwesiphakamiso esisanda kwamukelwa, intela yekhabhoni ye-EU iqaphela kuphela intengo yekhabhoni ecacile, okuzokhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwesidingo samandla aluhlaza saseShayina. Njengamanje, akwaziwa ukuthi i-EU iyaqaphela yini ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okuqinisekisiwe kwezwe laseShayina (CCER). Uma imakethe yekhabhoni ye-EU ingaqapheli i-CCER, okokuqala, izokhubaza amabhizinisi aseShayina agxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe ekuthengeni i-CCER ukuze kuncishiswe izilinganiso, okwesibili, kuzobangela ukushoda kwezilinganiso zekhabhoni kanye nokwenyuka kwamanani ekhabhoni, kanti okwesithathu, amabhizinisi agxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe azoba nesifiso sokuthola izinhlelo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ezingabizi kakhulu ezingagcwalisa igebe lezilinganiso. Ngokusekelwe kunqubomgomo yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwesu "lekhabhoni eliphindwe kabili" laseShayina, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza kuye kwaba yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu samabhizinisi ukubhekana nezindleko zekhabhoni ze-EU. Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo sabathengi, lokhu ngeke kusize nje kuphela ekuthuthukiseni amandla okusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, kodwa futhi kuzokhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi atshale imali ekukhiqizeni amandla avuselelekayo.
Sheshisa isitifiketi semikhiqizo ye-carbon ephansi kanye ne-carbon engenalutho
Njengamanje, i-ArcelorMittal, inkampani yensimbi yaseYurophu, yethule isitifiketi sensimbi engenakhabhoni ngohlelo lwe-xcarbtm, i-ThyssenKrupp yethule i-blueminttm, uhlobo lwensimbi engenakhabhoni ephansi, i-Nucor steel, inkampani yensimbi yaseMelika, iphakamise i-zero carbon steel econiqtm, kanti i-Schnitzer steel nayo iphakamise i-GRN steeltm, into esetshenziswayo yebha nentambo. Ngaphansi kwesizinda sokusheshisa ukuqashelwa kokunganciphisi ikhabhoni emhlabeni, amabhizinisi ensimbi nensimbi aseShayina i-Baowu, i-Hegang, i-Anshan Iron ne-steel, i-Jianlong, njll. akhiphe imephu yendlela yokunganciphisi ikhabhoni ngokulandelana, ahambisana namabhizinisi athuthukile emhlabeni ocwaningweni lwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili, futhi alwela ukudlula.
Ukuqaliswa kwangempela kusabhekene nezingqinamba eziningi
Kusenezithiyo eziningi ekuqalisweni kwangempela kwentela yekhabhoni ye-EU, futhi uhlelo lwe-free carbon quota luzoba ngenye yezithiyo ezinkulu ekuvunyelweni kwentela yekhabhoni. Ekupheleni kuka-2019, amabhizinisi angaphezu kwengxenye ohlelweni lokuhweba ngekhabhoni lwe-EU asajabulela i-free carbon quota. Lokhu kuzophazamisa ukuncintisana futhi akuhambisani nohlelo lwe-EU lokufeza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2050.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EU inethemba lokuthi ngokubeka intela yekhabhoni enentengo efanayo yekhabhoni yangaphakathi emikhiqizweni efanayo engeniswayo, izolwela ukuhambisana nemithetho efanele yenhlangano yezohwebo yomhlaba, ikakhulukazi i-Athikili 1 (ukuphathwa kwesizwe okuthandwa kakhulu) kanye ne-Athikili 3 (isimiso esingabandlululi semikhiqizo efanayo) sesivumelwano esijwayelekile se-Tariffs kanye nokuhweba (GATT).
Imboni yensimbi nensimbi yimboni ekhipha ikhabhoni enkulu kunazo zonke emnothweni wezimboni zomhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imboni yensimbi nensimbi inochungechunge olude lwezimboni kanye nethonya elibanzi. Ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo yentela yekhabhoni kulo mkhakha kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Isiphakamiso se-EU "sokukhula okuluhlaza kanye nokuguqulwa kwedijithali" empeleni siwukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwezimboni zendabuko ezifana nemboni yensimbi. Ngo-2021, umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe we-EU wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-152.5, kanti owaseYurophu yonke wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-203.7, kanye nokwenyuka konyaka nonyaka okungu-13.7%, okubalwa u-10.4% womkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe womhlaba wonke. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi inqubomgomo yentela yekhabhoni ye-EU izama nokusungula uhlelo olusha lokuhweba, ukwakha imithetho emisha yokuhweba mayelana nokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nentuthuko yezimboni, kanye nokulwela ukufakwa ohlelweni lwenhlangano yezohwebo yomhlaba ukuze luzuze kwi-EU.
Empeleni, intela yekhabhoni iyisithiyo esisha sokuhweba, esihlose ukuvikela ubulungisa be-EU ngisho nemakethe yensimbi yaseYurophu. Kusenesikhathi sokushintsha seminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba intela yekhabhoni ye-EU isetshenziswe ngempela. Kusenesikhathi sokuba amazwe namabhizinisi akhe izindlela zokumelana. Amandla okubopha emithetho yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni azokwanda noma anganciphi. Imboni yensimbi nensimbi yaseShayina izohlanganyela ngenkuthalo futhi kancane kancane ikwazi kahle ilungelo lokukhuluma uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi eside. Kumabhizinisi ensimbi nensimbi, isu eliphumelela kakhulu kuseseyindlela yokuthuthukiswa okuluhlaza nokunekhabhoni ephansi, ukubhekana nobudlelwano phakathi kwentuthuko nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ukusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla e-kinetic amadala namasha, ukuthuthukisa ngamandla amandla amasha, ukusheshisa intuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza nokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke.