NgoMashi 15, indlela yokulawula i-carbon border (CBAM, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-EU carbon tariff) yagunyazwa ngaphambilini nguMkhandlu we-EU.Kuhlelelwe ukuthi kuqaliswe ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni kusukela mhla lu-1 kuMasingana wezi-2023, kubekwe isikhathi soguquko seminyaka emithathu.Ngosuku olufanayo, emhlanganweni wekomidi lezomnotho nezezimali (Ecofin) loMkhandlu WaseYurophu, ongqongqoshe bezezimali bamazwe angama-27 e-EU bamukele isiphakamiso se-carbon tariff yaseFrance, umongameli ojikelezayo woMkhandlu WaseYurophu.Lokhu kusho ukuthi Amazwe Angamalungu e-EU asekela ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo ye-carbon tariff.Njengesiphakamiso sokuqala emhlabeni sokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngendlela yezindleko zekhabhoni, indlela yokulawula umngcele wekhabhoni izoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuhwebeni kweGlobal.Kulindeleke ukuthi ngoJulayi kulo nyaka, intela yekhabhoni ye-EU izongena esigabeni sokuxoxisana kathathu phakathi kweKhomishini yaseYurophu, uMkhandlu waseYurophu kanye nePhalamende laseYurophu.Uma kuhamba kahle, umbhalo wokugcina wezomthetho uzokwamukelwa.
Umqondo “wentela yekhabhoni” awukaze usetshenziswe ngezinga elikhulu ngempela kusukela wamiswa ngawo-1990.Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi intela yekhabhoni ye-EU ingaba intela ekhethekile yokungenisa esetshenziselwa ukuthenga ilayisense yokungenisa ye-EU noma intela yokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya ekhokhiswa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni emikhiqizweni engenisiwe, okungenye yezihluthulelo zempumelelo entsha ye-EU eluhlaza. deal.Ngokwezidingo ze-carbon tariff ye-EU, izokhokhisa intela kunsimbi, usimende, i-aluminium kanye nomanyolo wamakhemikhali othengwa emazweni nasezifundeni ezinemikhawulo yokukhipha ikhabhoni exegayo.Isikhathi soshintsho lwale nqubo sisuka ku-2023 siye ku-2025. Phakathi nesikhathi soshintsho, asikho isidingo sokukhokha izimali ezihambisanayo, kodwa abathenga kwamanye amazwe kudingeka balethe izitifiketi zomthamo womkhiqizo ongenisiwe, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokukhipha okungaqondile, kanye nezimali ezikhokhwa yi-carbon emissions. imikhiqizo ezweni lendabuko.Ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi soshintsho, abangenisi bazokhokha izimali ezifanele zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni emikhiqizweni engenisiwe.Njengamanje, i-EU idinga amabhizinisi ukuthi ahlole, abale futhi abike izindleko ze-carbon footprint yemikhiqizo ngokwazo.Ukuqaliswa kwe-carbon tariff ye-EU kuzoba namuphi umthelela?Yiziphi izinkinga ezibhekene nokuqaliswa kwe-EU carbon tariffs?Leli phepha lizokuhlaziya kafushane lokhu.
Sizosheshisa ukwenziwa ngcono kwemakethe yekhabhoni
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwamamodeli ahlukene namazinga entela ahlukene, ukuqoqwa kwentela yekhabhoni ye-EU kuzonciphisa ukuhweba okuphelele kweChina ne-Europe ngo-10% ~ 20%.Ngokwesibikezelo seKhomishini YaseYurophu, amanani e-carbon azoletha ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 kuma-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15 "yemali engenayo eyengeziwe" ku-EU minyaka yonke, futhi izobonisa umkhuba okhulayo unyaka nonyaka esikhathini esithile.I-EU izogxila ezindlekweni ze-aluminium, umanyolo wamakhemikhali, insimbi nogesi.Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi i-EU “izochitha” intela yekhabhoni kwamanye amazwe ngokuhlinzekwa kwezikhungo, ukuze ibe nomthelela omkhulu emisebenzini yohwebo yaseShayina.
Ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwensimbi kweChina emazweni angama-27 e-EU kwathi i-UK yafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezi-3.184, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngama-52.4%.Ngokwentengo yama-euro angama-50 / amathani emakethe yekhabhoni ngo-2021, i-EU izobeka intela yekhabhoni yama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-159.2 emikhiqizweni yensimbi yaseChina.Lokhu kuzophinde kunciphise inzuzo yentengo yemikhiqizo yensimbi yaseChina ethunyelwa ku-EU.Ngaso leso sikhathi, izophinde ikhuthaze imboni yensimbi yaseShayina ukuthi isheshise isivinini sokuqeda ikhabhoni futhi isheshise ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yekhabhoni.Ngaphansi kwethonya lezidingo zenhloso zesimo samazwe ngamazwe kanye nesidingo sangempela samabhizinisi aseShayina sokusabela ngenkuthalo kumshini wokulawula umngcele wekhabhoni we-EU, ingcindezi yokwakhiwa kwemakethe yekhabhoni yaseChina iyaqhubeka nokukhula.Kuwudaba okufanele lubhekwe ngokujulile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngesikhathi imboni yensimbi nensimbi nezinye izimboni ezizofakwa ohlelweni lokuhweba ngokukhipha isikhutha.Ngokusheshisa ukwakhiwa kanye nokwenza ngcono imakethe yekhabhoni, ukwehlisa inani lezindleko amabhizinisi aseShayina okudingeka azikhokhele ukuthumela imikhiqizo emakethe ye-EU nakho kungagwema intela ephindwe kabili.
Khuthaza ukukhula kwesidingo samandla aluhlaza
Ngokwesiphakamiso esisanda kwamukelwa, intela yekhabhoni ye-EU ibona kuphela inani elicacile lekhabhoni, elizogqugquzela kakhulu ukukhula kwesidingo samandla aluhlaza waseChina.Okwamanje, akwaziwa ukuthi i-EU iyakubona yini ukuncishiswa kokungcoliswa kokungcola okuqinisekisiwe kwe-China (CCER).Uma imakethe yekhabhoni ye-EU ingayiboni i-CCER, okokuqala, izodumaza amabhizinisi aseChina agxile ekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe ekuthengeni i-CCER ukuze aqedele ama-quotas, okwesibili, izodala ukushoda kwezabelo zekhabhoni kanye nokwenyuka kwamanani ekhabhoni, okwesithathu, agxile ekuthekeliseni. amabhizinisi azobe elangazelele ukuthola izikimu zokunciphisa ukungcola okungabizi kakhulu ezingavala igebe lesabelo.Ngokusekelwe kunqubomgomo yokuthuthukiswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenqubomgomo ngaphansi kwesu laseShayina “lekhabhoni ephindwe kabili”, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aluhlaza kubonakale kuyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu samabhizinisi ukubhekana nezintela zekhabhoni ze-EU.Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo sabathengi, lokhu ngeke kusize nje kuphela ukuthuthukisa umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, kodwa futhi kukhuthaze amabhizinisi ukuthi atshale ekuphehleni amandla kagesi avuselelekayo.
Sheshisa ukuqinisekiswa kwemikhiqizo enekhabhoni ephansi kanye neziro
Njengamanje, i-ArcelorMittal, inkampani yensimbi yase-Europe, yethule isitifiketi se-zero carbon steel ngohlelo lwe-xcarbtm, i-ThyssenKrupp yethule i-blueminttm, uhlobo lwensimbi ekhishwa yikhabhoni ephansi, i-Nucor steel, ibhizinisi lensimbi laseMelika, iphakamise i-zero carbon steel econiqtm, kanye ne-Schnitzer. insimbi iphinde yahlongoza i-GRN steeltm, ibha kanye nempahla yocingo.Ngaphansi kwesizinda sokusheshisa ukufezekiswa kokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni emhlabeni, amabhizinisi ensimbi nensimbi aseShayina i-Baowu, iHegang, i-Anshan Iron nensimbi, i-Jianlong, njll. akhiphe ngokulandelana umgwaqo we-carbon neutralization, ehambisana namabhizinisi athuthukile emhlabeni ocwaningweni lwe izixazululo zobuchwepheshe, futhi silwele ukudlula.
Ukuqaliswa kwangempela kusabhekene nezithiyo eziningi
Kusenezithiyo eziningi ekuqalisweni kwangempela kwe-EU carbon tariff, futhi uhlelo lwe-carbon quota yamahhala luzoba esinye sezithiyo ezinkulu ekugunyazweni kwe-carbon tariff.Ekupheleni kuka-2019, amabhizinisi angaphezu kwesigamu ohlelweni lokuhweba ngekhabhoni ye-EU asajabulela izabelo zekhabhoni zamahhala.Lokhu kuzohlanekezela ukuncintisana futhi akuhambisani nohlelo lwe-EU lokuzuza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2050.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EU inethemba lokuthi ngokubeka izintengo zekhabhoni ezinamanani afanayo ekhabhoni yangaphakathi emikhiqizweni efanayo engenisiwe, izolwela ukuhambisana nemithetho efanele yenhlangano yezohwebo emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi i-Article 1 (ukuphathwa kwezwe okuthandwa kakhulu) kanye neSigaba 3 (i-Article 3) umgomo ongabandlululi wemikhiqizo efanayo) wesivumelwano esijwayelekile se-Tariffs and trade (GATT).
Imboni yensimbi nensimbi iyimboni ekhipha ikhabhoni enkulu kakhulu emnothweni wezimboni zomhlaba.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imboni yensimbi nensimbi inochungechunge olude lwezimboni kanye nethonya elibanzi.Ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo ye-carbon tariff kule mboni kubhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu.Isiphakamiso se-EU “sokukhula okuluhlaza kanye noguquko lwedijithali” empeleni esokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwezimboni zendabuko ezifana nezimboni zensimbi.Ngo-2021, insimbi engahluziwe ephuma e-EU yaba amathani ayizigidi eziyi-152.5, kanti i-Europe yonke yayingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-203.7, nokunyuka konyaka ngo-13.7%, okubalelwa ku-10.4% wesamba sensimbi engahluziwe ephuma emhlabeni wonke.Kungacatshangwa ukuthi inqubomgomo ye-EU ye-carbon tariff nayo izama ukusungula uhlelo olusha lokuhwebelana, ukwenza imithetho emisha yohwebo mayelana nokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, futhi ilwela ukufakwa ohlelweni lwenhlangano yezohwebo emhlabeni ukuze yenze inzuzo ku-EU. .
Empeleni, intela yekhabhoni iyisithiyo esisha sohwebo, esihlose ukuvikela ukulunga kwe-EU kanye nemakethe yensimbi yaseYurophu.Kusenenkathi yoshintsho yeminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuthi intela yekhabhoni ye-EU isetshenziswe ngempela.Kusenesikhathi sokuthi amazwe namabhizinisi akhe izindlela zokuphikisa.Amandla abophayo emithetho yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni azokwanda noma angehli.Imboni yensimbi nensimbi yaseShayina izobamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo futhi kancane kancane ibambe ilungelo lokukhuluma kuwuhlelo lwentuthuko yesikhathi eside.Emabhizinisini ensimbi nensimbi, isu elisebenza kahle kakhulu kusewukuthatha umgwaqo wokuthuthukiswa kwekhabhoni eluhlaza nephansi, ukubhekana nobudlelwano phakathi kwentuthuko kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola, ukusheshisa ukuguqulwa kwamandla amadala namasha e-kinetic, ukuthuthukisa ngamandla amandla amasha, ukusheshisa. ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuncintisana kwezimakethe zomhlaba.