Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke kwakungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.89, okwathi ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eShayina kwakungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-950, okwenza u-50% wenani lomhlaba wonke. Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe eShayina kwafinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, kanti ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye kwafinyelela ku-659 kg. Kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwentuthuko kwamazwe athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States, lapho ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye kufinyelela ku-500 kg, izinga lokusetshenziswa lizokwehla. Ngakho-ke, kungabikezelwa ukuthi izinga lokusetshenziswa kwensimbi eShayina selifinyelele esicongweni, lizongena enkathini ezinzile, futhi ekugcineni isidingo sizokwehla. Ngo-2020, ukusetshenziswa okusobala emhlabeni wonke kanye nomkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe kwakungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.89 kanye namathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.88 ngokulandelana. Insimbi engahluziwe ekhiqizwe ngensimbi ensimbi njengezinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa yayingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.31, idla cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-2.33 zensimbi ensimbi, ephansi kancane kunomkhiqizo wamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-2.4 zensimbi ensimbi ngonyaka ofanayo.
Ngokuhlaziya umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimbi eqediwe, isidingo semakethe sensimbi engahluziwe singabonakala. Ukuze kusizwe abafundi baqonde kangcono ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okuthathu, leli phepha lenza ukuhlaziywa okufushane kusuka ezicini ezintathu: umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni, ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kanye nendlela yokubeka amanani ensimbi yomhlaba wonke.
Umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke
Ngo-2020, umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke wawungamathani ayizigidigidi eziyi-1.88. Umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe waseShayina, eNdiya, eJapane, e-United States, eRussia naseNingizimu Korea wabalelwa ku-56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% kanye no-3.6% womkhiqizo ophelele womhlaba ngokulandelana, kanti umkhiqizo ophelele wensimbi engahluziwe wamazwe ayisithupha wabalelwa ku-77.5% womkhiqizo ophelele womhlaba. Ngo-2020, umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke wanda ngo-30.8% unyaka nonyaka.
Umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe waseShayina ngo-2020 ungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.065. Ngemva kokudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa ngo-1996, umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe waseShayina wafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingama-490 ngo-2007, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kane eminyakeni eyi-12, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-14.2%. Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2007, izinga lokukhula lonyaka lafinyelela ku-21.1%, lafinyelela ku-27.2% (2004). Ngemuva kuka-2007, ethintekile yinkinga yezezimali, imikhawulo yokukhiqiza nezinye izici, izinga lokukhula kokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe yaseShayina lehla, futhi laze labonisa ukukhula okungekuhle ngo-2015. Ngakho-ke, kungabonakala ukuthi isigaba sesivinini esikhulu sokuthuthukiswa kwensimbi nensimbi yaseShayina sesidlulile, ukukhula komkhiqizo wesikhathi esizayo kunqunyelwe, futhi ekugcineni kuzoba nokukhula okungekuhle.
Kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2020, izinga lokukhula komkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe eNdiya lalilandela iShayina kuphela, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-3.8%; Umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe udlule amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa ngo-2017, waba yizwe lesihlanu elinomkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe ongaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 emlandweni, futhi wadlula iJapane ngo-2018, ebekwe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni.
I-United States iyizwe lokuqala elinomkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 ensimbi engahluziwe (amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 ensimbi engahluziwe atholakala okokuqala ngo-1953), afinyelela umkhiqizo omkhulu wamathani ayizigidi eziyi-137 ngo-1973, ebekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni ngokwemikhiqizo yensimbi engahluziwe kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-1972. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-1982, umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe e-United States wehlile, kanti umkhiqizo wensimbi engahluziwe ngo-2020 ungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-72.7 kuphela.
Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi eluhlaza okubonakalayo emhlabeni wonke
Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke kwakungamathani ayizigidigidi eziyi-1.89. Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwensimbi engahluziwe eShayina, eNdiya, e-United States, eJapane, eNingizimu Korea naseRussia kwabalelwa ku-50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% kanye no-2.5% wenani lomhlaba wonke ngokulandelana. Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke kwanda ngo-52.7% ngaphezu kuka-2009, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-4.3%.
Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eShayina ngo-2019 kucishe kube ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1. Ngemva kokudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa ngo-1993, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eShayina kwafinyelela ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-200 ngo-2002, kwabe sekungena enkathini yokukhula okusheshayo, kwafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingama-570 ngo-2009, ukwanda ngo-179.2% ngaphezu kuka-2002 kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-15.8%. Ngemva kuka-2009, ngenxa yenkinga yezezimali kanye nokulungiswa komnotho, ukukhula kwesidingo kwehle. Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eShayina kwabonisa ukukhula okungekuhle ngo-2014 nango-2015, kwaphinde kwabuyela ekukhuleni okuhle ngo-2016, kodwa ukukhula kwehle eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eNdiya ngo-2019 kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-108.86, kudlula i-United States futhi kubekwe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni. Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eNdiya kukhuphuke ngo-69.1% ngaphezu kuka-2009, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-5.4%, sibekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo.
I-United States iyizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe kudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100, futhi ibekwe phambili emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi. Ithintwe yinkinga yezimali yango-2008, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe e-United States kwehle kakhulu ngo-2009, cishe nge-1/3 ngaphansi kwalokho okwango-2008, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-69.4 kuphela. Kusukela ngo-1993, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe e-United States bekungaphansi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 kuphela ngo-2009 nango-2010.
Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye emhlabeni
Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye emhlabeni kwakungama-245 kg. Ukusetshenziswa okusobala okuphezulu kakhulu kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye kwakuyiNingizimu Korea (1082 kg ngomuntu ngamunye). Amanye amazwe amakhulu asebenzisa insimbi engahluziwe anokusetshenziswa okuphezulu ngomuntu ngamunye kwakuyiShayina (659 kg ngomuntu ngamunye), iJapan (550 kg ngomuntu ngamunye), iJalimane (443 kg ngomuntu ngamunye), iTurkey (332 kg ngomuntu ngamunye), iRussia (322 kg ngomuntu ngamunye) kanye ne-United States (265 kg ngomuntu ngamunye).
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kuyinqubo lapho abantu beguqula khona imithombo yemvelo ibe yingcebo yomphakathi. Lapho ingcebo yomphakathi iqongelela ezingeni elithile futhi ukwakhiwa kwezimboni kungena esikhathini esivuthiwe, kuzokwenzeka izinguquko ezibalulekile esakhiweni sezomnotho, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe kanye nemithombo ebalulekile yamaminerali kuzoqala ukwehla, futhi isivinini sokusetshenziswa kwamandla sizoncipha. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye e-United States kwahlala kusezingeni eliphezulu ngawo-1970, kwafinyelela ku-711 kg (1973). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye e-United States kwaqala ukwehla, ngokwehla okukhulu kusukela ngawo-1980 kuya ngawo-1990. Yehla yaya phansi (226kg) ngo-2009 futhi yaphinde yabuya kancane kancane yaya ku-330kg kwaze kwaba ngu-2019.
Ngo-2020, inani labantu baseNdiya, eNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika lizoba yizigidigidi eziyi-1.37, izigidi ezingama-650 kanye nezigidigidi eziyi-1.29 ngokulandelana, okuzoba yindawo eyinhloko yokukhula kwesidingo sensimbi esikhathini esizayo, kodwa kuzoncika ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kwamazwe ahlukahlukene ngaleso sikhathi.
Indlela yomhlaba wonke yokubeka amanani ensimbi
Indlela yomhlaba wonke yokubeka amanani ensimbi ihlanganisa kakhulu amanani okuhlangana kwesikhathi eside kanye namanani enkomba. Intengo yokuhlangana kwesikhathi eside yake yaba yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokubeka amanani ensimbi emhlabeni. Ingqikithi yayo ukuthi izinhlangothi zokuhlinzeka kanye nesidingo sensimbi zivala inani lokunikezwa noma inani lokuthenga ngezivumelwano zesikhathi eside. Isikhathi ngokuvamile siyiminyaka emi-5-10, noma ngisho neminyaka engama-20-30, kodwa intengo ayizinzile. Kusukela ngawo-1980, izinga lokulinganisa amanani lendlela yokubeka amanani enhlangano yesikhathi eside lishintshe kusukela entengo yokuqala ye-FOB kuya ezindlekweni ezidumile kanye nempahla yolwandle.
Umkhuba wamanani wenqubo yesikhathi eside yokuhlanganisa amanani ukuthi ngonyaka ngamunye wezimali, abahlinzeki abakhulu bensimbi emhlabeni baxoxisana namakhasimende abo amakhulu ukuze banqume intengo yensimbi yonyaka wezimali olandelayo. Uma intengo isinqunyiwe, bobabili amaqembu kumele bayisebenzise kungakapheli unyaka owodwa ngokwentengo okuxoxiswane ngayo. Ngemva kokuba noma yiliphi iqembu lomthengi wensimbi kanye nanoma yiliphi iqembu lomhlinzeki wensimbi befinyelele esivumelwaneni, izingxoxo zizophothulwa, futhi intengo yensimbi yomhlaba wonke izophothulwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke. Le ndlela yokuxoxisana iyindlela "yokuqala ukulandela ithrendi". Isilinganiso samanani yi-FOB. Ukwanda kwensimbi yekhwalithi efanayo emhlabeni wonke kuyafana, okungukuthi, "FOB, ukwanda okufanayo".
Intengo yensimbi eJapan yabusa imakethe yensimbi yomhlaba wonke ngamathani angama-20 ngo-1980 ~ 2001. Ngemva kokungena ekhulwini lama-21, imboni yensimbi nensimbi yaseShayina yachuma futhi yaqala ukuba nomthelela obalulekile ekuhlinzekweni nasekudingweni kwe-iron ore yomhlaba wonke. Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kwaqala ukungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokwanda okusheshayo kwamandla okukhiqiza insimbi nensimbi emhlabeni wonke, futhi amanani ensimbi yomhlaba wonke aqala ukukhuphuka kakhulu, okubeka isisekelo "sokwehla" kwendlela yentengo yesivumelwano sesikhathi eside.
Ngo-2008, i-BHP, i-vale kanye ne-Rio Tinto baqala ukufuna izindlela zokubeka amanani ezihambisana nezintshisekelo zabo. Ngemva kokuba i-vale ixoxisane ngentengo yokuqala, i-Rio Tinto yalwela ukwenyuka okukhulu yodwa, futhi imodeli "yokulandelela yokuqala" yaphulwa okokuqala. Ngo-2009, ngemuva kokuba izimboni zensimbi eJapane naseNingizimu Korea ziqinisekisile "intengo yokuqala" nabavukuzi abathathu abakhulu, i-China ayizange ikwamukele ukwehla okungu-33%, kodwa yafinyelela esivumelwaneni ne-FMG ngentengo ephansi kancane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imodeli "yokuqala ukulandela umkhuba" yaphela ngokusemthethweni, futhi indlela yokubeka amanani enkomba yaqala ukuba khona.
Njengamanje, izinkomba zensimbi ezikhishwe emhlabeni jikelele zifaka phakathi i-Platts iodex, i-TSI index, i-mbio index kanye ne-China iron ore price index (ciopi). Kusukela ngo-2010, i-Platts index ikhethwe yi-BHP, i-Vale, i-FMG kanye ne-Rio Tinto njengesisekelo sentengo yensimbi yomhlaba wonke. Inkomba ye-mbio yakhishwa yi-British metal healder ngoMeyi 2009, ngokusekelwe entengo yensimbi yensimbi engu-62% echwebeni laseQingdao, eShayina (CFR). Inkomba ye-TSI yakhishwa yinkampani yaseBrithani i-SBB ngo-Ephreli 2006. Njengamanje, isetshenziswa kuphela njengesisekelo sokukhokhelwa kokuthengiselana kwensimbi ekushintshanisweni kweSingapore naseChicago, futhi ayinawo umthelela emakethe yokuhweba yensimbi. Inkomba yentengo yensimbi yaseShayina yakhishwa ngokubambisana yi-China Iron and Steel Industry Association, i-China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce kanye ne-China Metallurgical and mining enterprises association. Yafakwa ekuhlolweni ngo-Agasti 2011. Inkomba yentengo yensimbi yaseShayina iqukethe ama-sub index amabili: inkomba yentengo yensimbi yasekhaya kanye nenkomba yentengo yensimbi engenisiwe, zombili zisekelwe entengoni ka-Ephreli 1994 (amaphuzu ayi-100).
Ngo-2011, intengo yensimbi engenisiwe eShayina yadlula i-US $190 ngethani elomile, okuyirekhodi eliphezulu, kanti intengo ejwayelekile yonyaka yalowo nyaka yayiyi-US $162.3 ngethani elomile. Ngemva kwalokho, intengo yensimbi engenisiwe eShayina yaqala ukwehla unyaka nonyaka, yafinyelela phansi ngo-2016, ngentengo ejwayelekile yonyaka engu-US $51.4 ngethani elomile. Ngemuva kuka-2016, intengo yensimbi engenisiwe eShayina yaphinde yabuya kancane. Ngo-2021, intengo ejwayelekile yeminyaka emi-3, intengo ejwayelekile yeminyaka emi-5 kanye nentengo ejwayelekile yeminyaka eyi-10 kwakungu-109.1 USD ngethani elomile, u-93.2 USD ngethani elomile kanye no-94.6 USD ngethani elomile ngokulandelana.