Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala komhlaba kwensimbi engahluziwe kwaba amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.89, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe kwase kusetshenziswe iChina engamathani ayizigidi ezingama-950, okubalelwa kuma-50% engqikithi yomhlaba.Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe yaseChina kwafinyelela irekhodi eliphezulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe umuntu ngamunye kwafinyelela ku-659 kg.Kusukela ekuhlangenwe nakho kokuthuthukiswa kwamazwe athuthukile eYurophu nase-United States, lapho ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe umuntu ngamunye kufinyelela ku-500 kg, izinga lokusetshenziswa lizokwehla.Ngakho-ke, kungabikezelwa ukuthi izinga lokusetshenziswa kwensimbi yaseChina selifinyelele phezulu, lizongena esikhathini esizinzile, futhi ekugcineni isidingo sizokwehla.Ngo-2020, ukusetshenziswa okusobala komhlaba wonke nokuphuma kwensimbi engahluziwe kwaba amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.89 kanye namathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.88 ngokulandelana.Insimbi engahluziwe ekhiqizwe nge-iron ore njengoba i-raw material eyinhloko yayingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.31, idla amathani ensimbi angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.33, engaphansi kancane kunokukhishwa kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.4 zensimbi ngonyaka ofanayo.
Ngokuhlaziya ukuphuma kwensimbi engahluziwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimbi eqediwe, isidingo semakethe sensimbi ingabonakala.Ukuze kusizwe abafundi baqonde kangcono ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu kuthathu, leli phepha lenza ukuhlaziya kafushane ezicini ezintathu: ukuphuma kwensimbi engahluziwe yomhlaba wonke, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kanye nendlela yokubeka amanani entengo yensimbi yomhlaba wonke.
Okukhipha insimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni
Ngo-2020, umkhiqizo wensimbi ongahluziwe emhlabeni wonke wawungamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.88.Insimbi engahluziwe ephuma eChina, India, Japan, United States, Russia kanye neSouth Korea ibalwe ku-56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% no-3.6% wesamba esiphuma emhlabeni ngokulandelana, kanye nesamba sensimbi engahluziwe. Umphumela wamazwe ayisithupha ubalelwa ku-77.5% wesamba somkhiqizo womhlaba.Ngo-2020, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe emhlabeni wonke kukhuphuke ngo-30.8% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe yaseChina ngo-2020 kungamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.065.Emuva kokubhodloza amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa ngo-1996, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe yaseChina kwafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-490 ngo-2007, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kane eminyakeni eyi-12, ngesilinganiso sokukhula konyaka esingu-14.2%.Kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2007, izinga lokukhula ngonyaka lifinyelele ku-21.1%, lafinyelela ku-27.2% (2004).Ngemuva kuka-2007, ethintekile ngenxa yezinkinga zezezimali, imikhawulo yokukhiqiza nezinye izici, izinga lokukhula kokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe yaseChina lehla, futhi labonisa ukukhula okungalungile ngo-2015. ukuthuthukiswa kwensimbi kudlulile, ukukhula komkhiqizo wesikhathi esizayo kunqunyelwe, futhi ekugcineni kuzoba nokukhula okungekuhle.
Kusukela ngowezi-2010 kuya kowezi-2020, izinga lokukhula kokukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe yase-India lalingelesibili ngemuva kweShayina, ngesilinganiso sokukhula konyaka esingu-3.8%;Ukukhishwa kwensimbi engahluziwe kudlule amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa ngowezi-2017, kwaba yizwe lesihlanu elinensimbi engahluziwe ekhipha amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 emlandweni, futhi yedlula iJapan ngo-2018, ikleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni.
I-United States iyizwe lokuqala elinomkhiqizo wonyaka wamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 zensimbi engahluziwe (ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 ensimbi engahluziwe yazuzwa okokuqala ngqa ngo-1953), yafinyelela ekuphumeni okuphezulu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-137 ngo-1973, ibalwa kuqala. emhlabeni mayelana nokuphuma kwensimbi engahluziwe kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-1972. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1982, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi engahluziwe e-United States kwehlile, kanti ukukhishwa kwensimbi engahluziwe ngo-2020 kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-72,7 kuphela.
Ukusetshenziswa okusobala komhlaba kwensimbi engahluziwe
Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala komhlaba wonke kwensimbi engahluziwe kwaba amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.89.Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe eChina, India, United States, Japan, South Korea naseRussia kubalele ku-50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% no-2.5% wengqikithi yomhlaba ngokulandelana.Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala komhlaba wonke kwensimbi engahluziwe kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-52.7 ngonyaka ka-2009, ngesilinganiso sokukhula konyaka esingama-4.3%.
Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kweChina kwensimbi engahluziwe ngo-2019 kusondele kumathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.Ngemva kokubhodloza amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 okokuqala ngqa ngo-1993, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe yaseChina kwafinyelela amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200 ngo-2002, kwase kungena enkathini yokukhula ngokushesha, kwafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-570 ngo-2009, ukwanda ngo-179.2% ngaphezu 2002 kanye nezinga lokukhula eliphakathi konyaka lika-15.8%.Ngemuva kuka-2009, ngenxa yenkinga yezezimali kanye nokulungiswa komnotho, ukukhula kwesidingo kwehla.Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwe-China kwensimbi engahluziwe kubonise ukukhula okungekuhle ngo-2014 no-2015, futhi kwabuyela ekukhuleni okuhle ngo-2016, kodwa ukukhula kwehle kancane eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwe-India kwensimbi engahluziwe ngo-2019 bekungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-108.86, idlula i-United States futhi isendaweni yesibili emhlabeni.Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwe-India kwensimbi engahluziwe kukhuphuke ngamaphesenti angama-69.1 ngonyaka ka-2009, ngesilinganiso sokukhula konyaka esingu-5.4%, sikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo.
I-United States iyizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukusetshenziswa kwalo okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe kudlula amathani ayizigidi eziyi-100, futhi likleliswe kuqala emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi.Ethintwe yinkinga yezimali yango-2008, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe e-United States kwehle kakhulu ngo-2009, cishe ngo-1/3 ngaphansi kwalokho ngo-2008, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-69.4 kuphela.Kusukela ngo-1993, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe e-United States bekungaphansi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 kuphela ngo-2009 no-2010.
Umhlaba ngamunye ngokusobala ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe
Ngo-2019, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe kwakungama-245 kg.Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kwensimbi engahluziwe kwakuseNingizimu Korea (1082 kg / umuntu).Amanye amazwe amakhulu asebenzisa insimbi engahluziwe asetshenziswa kakhulu yiChina (659 kg / umuntu), iJapan (550 kg / umuntu), iJalimane (443 kg / umuntu), iTurkey (332 kg / umuntu), iRussia (322 kg / umuntu) kanye ne-United States (265 kg / umuntu).
I-Industrialization yinqubo lapho abantu beguqula izinsiza zemvelo zibe ingcebo yomphakathi.Lapho ingcebo yezenhlalakahle iqongelela ezingeni elithile futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kungena esikhathini esivuthiwe, izinguquko eziphawulekayo zizokwenzeka esakhiweni sezomnotho, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi engcolile kanye nemithombo yamaminerali ebalulekile kuzoqala ukwehla, futhi isivinini sokusetshenziswa kwamandla sizophinde sinciphise.Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye e-United States kwahlala kusezingeni eliphezulu ngeminyaka yawo-1970, kwafinyelela ku-711 kg (1973).Kusukela lapho, ukusetshenziswa okusobala kwensimbi engahluziwe ngomuntu ngamunye e-United States kwaqala ukwehla, nokwehla okukhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 kuya ko-1990.Yehlela phansi (226kg) ngo-2009 futhi kancane kancane yakhuphuka yafika ku-330kg kwaze kwaba ngu-2019.
Ngo-2020, inani labantu baseNdiya, iNingizimu Melika kanye ne-Afrika lizoba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.37, izigidi ezingu-650 kanye nezigidigidi ezingu-1.29 ngokulandelana, okuzoba indawo enkulu yokukhula kwesidingo sensimbi esikhathini esizayo, kodwa kuzoncika ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wamazwe ahlukahlukene. ngaleso sikhathi.
Indlela yokubeka amanani ensimbi yomhlaba wonke
Indlela yokubeka intengo yensimbi yomhlaba wonke ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa intengo yesikhathi eside yokuhlobana kanye nentengo yenkomba.Intengo yokuhlotshaniswa yesikhathi eside ike yaba yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokubeka amanani ensimbi yensimbi emhlabeni.Umongo wayo ukuthi izinhlangothi zokuhlinzeka nesidingo zensimbi zikhiya inani lokuhlinzeka noma inani lokuthenga ngezinkontileka zesikhathi eside.Igama ngokuvamile liyiminyaka engu-5-10, noma ngisho neminyaka engama-20-30, kodwa intengo ayinqunyelwe.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, ibhentshimakhi yamanani yendlela yokubeka intengo yenhlangano yesikhathi eside ishintshile ukusuka enanini lokuqala le-FOB ukuya ezindlekweni ezidumile kanye nokuthutha olwandle.
Umkhuba wokwenza amanani wendlela yokubeka intengo yenhlangano yesikhathi eside ukuthi unyaka ngamunye wezimali, abahlinzeki bensimbi abakhulu emhlabeni baxoxisana namakhasimende abo amakhulu ukuze bathole inani lentengo yensimbi yonyaka wezimali olandelayo.Uma intengo isinqunyiwe, zombili izinhlangothi kufanele ziyisebenzise ungakapheli unyaka owodwa ngokwenani okuxoxiwe ngalo.Ngemuva kokuthi noma yibaphi abantu abadinga insimbi yensimbi nanoma yibaphi abahlinzeki bensimbi befinyelele esivumelwaneni, izingxoxo zizophothulwa, futhi intengo yensimbi yomhlaba wonke izophothulwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke.Le modi yezingxoxo imodi "yokuqala ukulandela inkambiso".Ibhentshimakhi yentengo yi-FOB.Ukwanda kwensimbi yekhwalithi efanayo emhlabeni wonke kuyefana, okungukuthi, “FOB, ukwanda okufanayo”.
Intengo yensimbi e-Japan yayibusa imakethe yensimbi yomhlaba wonke ngamathani angama-20 ngo-1980 ~ 2001. Ngemva kokungena ekhulwini lama-21, imboni yensimbi nensimbi yaseChina yachuma futhi yaqala ukuba nomthelela obalulekile ekuhlinzekweni nasekufuneni iphethini yensimbi yomhlaba wonke. .ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi kwaqala ukungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokwanda okusheshayo kwamandla okukhiqiza insimbi nensimbi emhlabeni wonke, futhi amanani entengo yensimbi yamazwe ngamazwe aqala ukukhuphuka kakhulu, abeka isisekelo "sokwehla" kwendlela yentengo yesivumelwano sesikhathi eside.
Ngo-2008, i-BHP, i-vale kanye ne-Rio Tinto baqala ukufuna izindlela zokubeka amanani ezihambisana nezithakazelo zabo.Ngemuva kokuthi u-vale exoxisane ngenani lokuqala, u-Rio Tinto walwela ukukhuphuka okukhulu yedwa, futhi imodeli "yokulandelela kokuqala" yaphulwa okokuqala.Ngo-2009, ngemva kokuba izigayo zensimbi eJapane naseNingizimu Korea ziqinisekisile "intengo yokuqala" nabavukuzi abathathu abakhulu, i-China ayizange ivume ukwehla kwe-33%, kodwa yafinyelela isivumelwano ne-FMG ngentengo ephansi kancane.Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imodeli "yokuqala ukulandela inkambiso" yaphela ngokusemthethweni, futhi indlela yokubeka intengo yenkomba yaba khona.
Njengamanje, izinkomba ze-iron ore ezikhishwe emazweni omhlaba ikakhulukazi zifaka i-Platts iodex, inkomba ye-TSI, inkomba yomjaho kanye ne-China iron ore index (ciopi).Kusukela ngo-2010, inkomba ye-Platts ikhethwe yi-BHP, i-Vale, i-FMG kanye ne-Rio Tinto njengesisekelo samanani entengo yensimbi yensimbi.Inkomba yomjaho yadedelwa ngabamemezeli bensimbi baseBrithani ngoMeyi 2009, ngokusekelwe enanini lensimbi yensimbi engu-62% echwebeni laseQingdao, eChina (CFR).Inkomba ye-TSI yakhululwa yinkampani yaseBrithani i-SBB ngo-April 2006. Njengamanje, isetshenziswa kuphela njengesisekelo sokuxazulula ukuhwebelana kwe-iron ore ukushintshanisa eSingapore naseChicago, futhi ayinawo umthelela emakethe yohwebo yensimbi. insimbi.Inkomba yamanani ensimbi yaseChina yakhululwa ngokuhlanganyela yi-China Iron and Steel Industry Association, i-China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce kanye nenhlangano yase-China Metallurgical and mining Enterprises.Yafakwa esivivinyweni ngo-Agasti 2011. Inkomba yentengo ye-iron ore yaseShayina iqukethe ama-sub indexes amabili: inkomba yamanani ensimbi yasekhaya kanye nenkomba yentengo ye-iron ore evela kwamanye amazwe, kokubili kusekelwe enanini lika-April 1994 (amaphuzu angu-100).
Ngo-2011, intengo ye-iron ore engenisiwe e-China yadlula i-US $190/ithani elomile, irekhodi eliphakeme, futhi inani lentengo elimaphakathi lonyaka lalowo nyaka lalingu-US $162.3/toni elomile.Kamuva, intengo ye-iron ore engenisiwe e-China yaqala ukwehla unyaka nonyaka, yafinyelela phansi ngo-2016, ngenani elilinganiselwe lonyaka lama-US $ 51.4/toni elomile.Ngemuva kuka-2016, intengo ye-iron ore yaseChina engenisiwe iphinde yakhuphuka kancane.Ngo-2021, intengo yesilinganiso seminyaka emi-3, intengo yesilinganiso seminyaka emi-5 kanye nenani elimaphakathi leminyaka eyi-10 lalingu-109.1 USD/ithani elomile, 93.2 USD/ithani elomile kanye nama-94.6 USD/ithani elomile ngokulandelana.